Business Ethics In Firm Rana Plaza - Free Solution

Questions: On April 24 2013, 1134 individuals were executed and 2,500 were harmed when the Rana Plaza working in Savar, Bangladesh crumbled on piece of clothing laborers inside its production lines. It would be known as the most noticeably terrible mishap in the article of clothing industry anyplace. This happened just five months after an awful fire at a comparable office incited driving global brands to promise to work to improve security in the countrys blasting yet inadequately directed piece of clothing industry. Work gatherings, Western attire organizations, the Bangladeshi government and others have gained some ground toward forestalling comparable disasters, however more stillneeds to be finished. There was never any uncertainty that improving working conditions in Bangladesh, one of the universes most unfortunate nations, would be inconceivably troublesome. The breakdown of RanaPlaza was only one, however by a long shot the most noticeably terrible in a progression of mechanical mishaps in Bangladeshs article of clothing industry, which has gotten perhaps the greatest exporter ofclothes to the United States and Europe as a result of its low wages. It was later found that 28 brands that sourced garments from the court included Primark, Bennetton, Mango, Matalan and Bonmache, provoking open worry about the working states of article of clothing plants the world over which add to western high road design stores. Moral industrialism urges individuals to consider how the items they purchase are sourced and created which are not hurtful to the earth and society.This can be confirm through basically buying eggs that are unfenced or boycotting products/organizations which advance kid work or upsetting working conditions. Moral commercialization is a developing business sector. An ongoing report from the Co-employable Bank demonstrated 33% of UK buyers professing to be worried about moral utilization, with countless the open ready to challenge and blacklist organizations which don't agree to moral norms. You are required to compose a scientific business report that covers the accompanying errands: Undertaking 1 Examine the manners by which organizations, similar to the ones referenced in the concentrate over, that sourced garments from the Rana Plaza can help improve strategic policies to forestall repeat of occasions of this nature. Errand 2 Pick any organization, exploration and proof how they work morally, considering their way to deal with industrialism, values and ecological neighborliness. Answers: Undertaking 1 About the report: The exposition investigations firm named Rana Plaza inside the material business in Bangladesh. Initial segment of the examination has really attempted to break down all the organizations who have sourced or are sourcing from the Rana square and the manner by which they can help themselves for development of strategic policies and counteraction of repeat of any such occurrence which occurred in Rana Plaza (Allhoff and Vaidya, 2005). Examination likewise has additionally endeavored to assess every single moral issue that were engaged with the firm just as all activities which related firms need and prerequisite to attempt further smooth continuance. Investigation and assessment of such moral just as social in addition to companywide issues will guarantee that organizations appropriately see every single thing which turned out badly in the Rana Plaza in addition to successfully get themselves far from any comparable occurrence or activities which could hurt others in comparative manner (Boylan, 2001). In the second section an association named Starbucks has been considered just as all exercises of the firm seeing central moral concern, for example, CSR and industrialism, ecological kind disposition just as convictions and qualities has been perceived as such activities will drive Starbucks objectives in addition to points into the future (Cory, 2005). Prologue to occurrence: The indispensable debacle occurred at the association Rana Plaza which is arranged inside Bangladesh, where an eight celebrated structure including six industrial facilities actually fell like the place of cards, executing roughly 1,134 works. This case likewise has put a notification on wellbeing just as security issues in the material business (Gavai, 2010). This episode has constrained the organizations to reconsider upon the morals and confidence they convey and furthermore that whether the genuine morals towards wellbeing and security of workers in being kept up or not. Additionally therefore, media, government just as customers in addition to likewise scarcely any different partners even are increasingly considering apparel organizations responsible for each wellbeing in addition to security repudiation inside their gracefully chains (Harish Jyawali, 2015). Conversation: As investors who have a place with material industry in addition to attire firms are available to components of monetary just as reputational dangers in addition to even peril that comes out of episodes joined to risky working conditions at the organizations destinations for creation. Thusly, speculators presently require conveying a critical bet in delighting firms to execute appropriate wellbeing just as security activities and practices all through their self in addition to likewise their providers tasks (Hartman, 2005).Several factors in actuality share the risk of calamity that occurred in the Rana Plaza. Bangladesh that is considered as a state having exceptionally feeble administration even faces a few auxiliary issues just as issues like absence of some certifiable principle and even guideline of the law,inadequate and scant appraisal methodology, in addition to by and large extremely inefficient confirmation towards equity for the casualties of the work-associated episodes. The firm would now be able to follow some straightforward advances and accomplish full wellbeing and security too as can get fit for staying away from any such occurrence that occurred at Rana Plaza (Mitchell, 2009). These means are: As the administration is frail in this country firms must maintain rules of permit and furthermore protections for every one of its staffs and partners The organizations must have a legitimate structure towards work The organizations must set down guidelines and guidelines for itself and must keep every one of them and even cause its staffs to follow the same(Moon, 2001) Firms must attempt to enjoy a decent appraisal and assessment process where an ideal assessment of the structure and premises and furthermore all things considered and apparatuses utilized in the destinations must be continued. The organizations must be extremely moral with regards to giving wellbeing and security to staffs and furthermore should furnish every one of its staffs with great equity and correspondence (Morais et al., 2014). Working conditions expected for all the works must be appropriately improved and looked after from that point. Great environmental measures must be kept up Not many vitality sparing strategies must be executed while creation on destinations Worker wellbeing in addition to security guidelines require to be maintain and right game plans for wellbeing just as wellbeing of representatives should likewise be made By and by, in quick results of the processing plant catastrophe, barely any organizations incredibly talked incomprehension identified with whether the industrial facilities are truly molded alongside their merchandise or probably it is only a saying.Undoubtedly, as a result of global associations which redistributed creation to the countries like Bangladesh, self-existing contractual workers regularly gave decisions inside complex in addition to imperative chains of flexibly (Paliwal, 2006). Firms here should attempt to comprehend that the expense in addition to their differentials, in actuality were genuine reasons for re-appropriating in the underlying spot, amidst completely created and furthermore scarcely any creating nations which indicated conditions inside the processing plants that were maybe inadequate, with being simply exact evidence which could refute such things. Proposal: The brands in addition to firms can really sign Accord on Building Safety and staff security in Bangladesh which would even allow the staffs to end work if by means of any source they feel that their wellbeing is underneath danger. Material industry likewise has not overlooked Rana Plaza case, and neither the customers have. It is in truth fundamental to every now and again pose inquiries in addition to search out the brands and firms which are wholeheartedly attempting to expand laborer conditions (Wurgaft, 2003). End: The significant duty was upon Bangladeshi specialists since they bombed in accurately satisfying their obligations and impulses towards ensuring works and making them mindful of the episodes and dangers and furthermore exercises towards sparing lives from those dangers. Condition of the Bangladesh, as indicated by the national and global law ought to quite attempt its best to spare and ensure all the human rights inside power since they even were fruitless in their duty which was tied in with allowing the rights just as wellbeing to the material business workers. Undertaking 2 Presentation: Starbucks really is a worldwide espresso chain and café in situated in Seattle inside United States in Washington. Alongside very nearly 17133 outlets in 49 countries Starbucks is globes biggest café firm. Wellbeing in addition to security of purchasers and the laborers is significant factor of all the moral components that must be followed inside any association (Cole, 2008). Each firm notoriety fundamentally relies on wellbeing in addition to security of the customers. Wellbeing in addition to security is additionally lawful prerequisite of government. Worldwide firms have workers who have a place with a few countries along these lines every one of them should be esteemed a great deal for fulfillment of better outcomes (Snyder, 2006). Procedure: The technique utilized here for assortment of information is auxiliary information assortment strategy. Data has been accumulated from numerous auxiliary assets like from the magazines, firms site, diaries, and even a few books. Conversation (Findings): Industrialism Starbucks social significance effectively persuades its purchasers to devour its items and furthermore this has served like a decent work environment just as mingle. Starbucks has a very common biology and is a perfect spot proposed for creating just as keeping up great relations. Culture in addition to utilization which are a few structures towards industrialism has additionally formed star bucks outlets through improvement of the social relatio

History of the Fall of Rome

History of the Fall of Rome Hesham Alsadiq For a long time, the Roman Empire confronted numerous difficulties from inside and without. Rome was neighbored by progressively ground-breaking states. The date of the ascent and fall of Rome is easy to refute. Students of history have additionally recognized differed causes. Some accept that the fall of Rome denoted the start of the medieval times. Â 235-284ADÂ Age of disorder. In 184 AD, a great sovereign named Marcus Aurelius passed on. He was prevailing by his child Commodus, who drove the treasury into chapter 11. This was the start of disorder in Rome. In 192 AD, Commodus troops killed him. The armed forces of the realm likewise assaulted each other as they contrasted on the perfect head. In light of these inside wars, rehashed assaults by neighboring clans were effective. Had they been joined to battle their foes, maybe the Romans would have the option to protect themselves. The establishment of numerous rulers inside a limited capacity to focus years demonstrates the political precariousness and division that existed in Rome.[1] 285-305 ADÂ Tetrarchy and common wars. In 284 AD, General Diocletian became head. Some type of strength was reestablished during his rule. He isolated the Roman Empire into two for simpler administration, the Eastern and Western Empires. Every head had a lesser co-sovereign. The Empire was administered by four sovereigns during this period, every ruler having his own region. Diocletian made sure about the fringes of the domain, expanded the quantity of territories and made the armed forces larger2. Despite the fact that Diocletian figured out how to carry some financial and political dependability to the realm, forcing high tax assessment on the Romans made them lose confidence in their rulers. The oppressions were likewise out of line to the Christians. The wars toward the finish of his rule fixed the change he brought and were a cost to the empire.[2] 306-363 ADÂ Establishment of Christianity. In 312 AD, Constantine became sovereign in the East. He won a few common wars and later developed as the leader of the whole empire3 in 324 AD. He attempted to fortify Diocletians strategies. He built up Christianity as the official religion and made the Christian oppressions stop. As the Romans grasped Christianity, they started relying upon strict pioneers for direction and didn't perceive the authority of heads. Constantine likewise made a capital for the domain in the East. Thus, the Eastern Empire flourished more than the West in culture and financial development. Constantine passed on in 337AD. Constantines preferring of the East made the Western Empire more fragile. Poor monetary development brings about swelling and failure to protect a locale from outer attacks.[3] 378 AD Battle of Adrianople There was affable war until Theodosius I succeeded Constantine. In the late 300s AD, Germanic clans started to attack the Roman Empire. They looked for better day to day environments and fled because of assaults by the Huns, warriors from focal Asia4. In 378 AD, the Visigoths crushed the Romans at Adrianople. The Eastern Roman ruler, Valens, was murdered. Theodosius vanquished the Western ruler and turned into the head. To end the long-standing fights with the Visigoths, Theodosius permitted them to live in the realm. He endeavored to utilize Christianity to carry solidarity to the empire.[4] When the Roman Empire turned into an objective for assaults, its fall was unavoidable. In spite of the fact that the head attempted to look after harmony, this was not enduring. The thrashing at the fight exhibited Romes shortcoming. 395 ADÂ Final Split of the domain. In 395 AD, after Theodosius demise, the division of the Roman Empire got last. His children, Arcadius and Honorius, administered the East and West individually. Honorius was nine years of age and bumbling. He was guided by a gifted general named Stilicho5. Arcadius was eighteen and had co-managed the Eastern Empire ten years sooner with his dad. They administered every one of their locales independently, denoting the changeless split of the domain. Arrangement of youngsters in places of intensity debilitated the administration of the realm. The domain was additionally more grounded when it existed as a unit. This split made a proviso for attacks.[5] 401-454 AD Attack and catch of Rome. Despite the fact that they lived in the Roman Empire, the Visigoths confronted antagonistic vibe, high tax collection, and prejudice6. They neglected to confide in the new heads and had perceived their shortcoming. In 410 AD, under the direction of their pioneer Alaric, they assaulted Rome. They devastated huge properties possessed by the Romans. While trying to mediate, Stilicho purposed to unite with the Visigoths to vanquish the Huns. He was decapitated when suspected to be a swindler. The realm turned out to be very debilitated by these assaults. At this point, it wouldn't have been long until the domain fell. Reasonable treatment of the Visigoths may have forestalled the assault. AD476 The fall of the Emperor of Rome Different gatherings kept on attacking the realm. In 455 AD, a Germanic clan known as the Vandals assaulted Rome. In 476 AD, the Western head Romulus Augustus was crushed by a German warrior named Odoacer6. Odoacer announced himself lord, denoting the finish of the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire kept going an additional thousand years. With a savage as the leader of the West, the underlying personality of the Roman Empire was currently devastated. There were no way to revamp the domain. The ascent of Christianity stands apart as the fundamental factor adding as far as possible of the Roman Empire. At the point when the domain began, Christianity was not perceived. At the point when Constantine was head, he was effectively associated with Christian approach making. Theodosius made it a state religion during his rule. These sovereigns were looking for a way to bring together the realm. This religion being monotheistic was a lot of dissimilar to the customary polytheistic Roman Religion. The change was radical. Numerous assets were used in attempting to implement Christianity as a state religion. Families parted with their girls to become nuns. This caused an extraordinary populace decay. The Christians wouldn't join the armed forces as customs were included routinely. They additionally openly gave a bit of their pay to the congregation as a feature of their strict works on, causing a redirection of riches. Christian oppressions added to the previously existing inside clashes in the realm. The hardship made the Romans unfit to handle wars from outer powers. Church pioneers got persuasive in the administration. They utilized prophetic books for direction to pioneers on the best way to prevail in wars. The Roman individuals started relying upon these pioneers for direction rather than prepared military and regulatory pioneers. The Romans had recently adored the heads as divine beings. With the ubiquity of Christianity and faith in one God, the heads were less compelling. The fall of Rome, be that as it may, was not brought about by a solitary occasion. Such factors as the division of the realm into two, swelling, monetary precariousness, and military issues additionally contributed. The different attacks debilitated the military resistances and prompted the possible ousting of the sovereign. fourth September, 476 AD appears as the date Rome stopped to exist. This is the point at which the Western Roman Emperor was deposed and nobody else was pronounced ruler. Book reference Jones, A. H. M. October 1955 the decay and fall of the Roman Empire. History 40, no. 140 (1955): 209-226. Ferrill, Arther. The fall of the Roman Empire: The military clarification. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986. Jones, A. H. M. October 1955 the decay and fall of the Roman Empire. History 40, no. 140 (1955): 209-226. Williams, Stephen. Theodosius: The domain under control, London: Batsford, 1994) Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Volume 2. Blue Unicorn Editions, 2001. [1] Jones, A. H. M. October 1955 the decay and fall of the Roman Empire. History 40, no. 140 (1955): 209-226. [2] Ferrill, Arther. The fall of the Roman Empire: The military clarification. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986. [3] (Jones, A. H. M. October 1955 the decay and fall of the Roman Empire. History 40, no. 140 (1955): 209-226.) [4] (Williams, Stephen. Theodosius: The domain under control, London: Batsford, 1994) [5] (Williams, Stephen. Theodosius: The domain under control, London: Batsford, 1994)

Why Threatening Divorce During an Argument Will Harm Your Marriage

Why Threatening Divorce During an Argument Will Harm Your Marriage Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print Why Threatening Divorce During an Argument Will Harm Your Marriage You cant take back the D-word once you say it By Marni Feuerman Marni Feuerman is a psychotherapist in private practice who has been helping couples with marital issues for more than 27 years. Learn about our editorial policy Marni Feuerman Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on January 29, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on January 29, 2020 MikeMix/Creative RF/Getty More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Marriage is hard and arguments are inevitable. A minor argument can escalate into a full-blown fight depending on the topic. Everyone has their triggers. Our partners tend to know what they are and have the ability to set us off in a way no other person can. When you are deeply hurt or angry, you might dip deep into your arsenal to dig out that “weapon of mass destruction” to make your point, be heard or try to get your partner to understand how upset you are. This is often in the form of threatening divorce, otherwise known as the dreaded “D-word.” According to research, thoughts of divorce are quite common over the course of a marriage. Many couples ebb and flow throughout their relationship but manage to hold things together. Some even stay blissfully happy while others hang on by a thread. There is, of course, everything in between these extremes. However, thinking about divorce and saying it are two very different things. Some marriages are beyond repair and divorce is inevitable. Whatever your situation is, when you blurt out “divorce,” it is strongly advised that you mean it, and it’s not just an empty threat. “During an argument, emotions are running wild, and lots of things are said that are in ‘the heat of the moment, but the threat of divorce should never be said,” advised psychologist and author Dr. Karen Sherman.?? “Clearly, the idea of divorce is the ultimate abandonment and goes to the core of peoples attachment issues.  So, even though it is only at the moment and not really meant, the threat has been put out there and is frightening” she explains. Dr. Sherman believes it is more productive to say something instead such as, Im so angry (or hurt) that a part of me feels like even though Id never do it, I dont want to be with you anymore. She says that this will let your spouse know that the feeling is transitory. Dr. Paul DePompo, board-certified cognitive behavioral therapist and author??  suggests, “A spouse should never use the D-word during an argument unless this is a serious consideration and is not being said in anger. The reason why it is harmful is that it opens up the door for divorce to be on the table.  He goes on to say, “This is traumatic in a sense because it brings the relationship from one that promises till death â€" to now to saying, ‘well maybe not-so-much.”  Dr. DePompo also stresses that this can bring out a “protective mode” rather than a “problem-solving mode.” He recommends that couples should be vulnerable instead of defensive by targeting “the real hurt or fear that they are feeling which is hiding under their anger.” For example, he advises saying something like, “I am hurt because I feel like you are not really listening to what I am saying, and this keeps happening, and I am starting to feel alone,” or “I am afraid that if we cannot prob lem-solve this, we are not going to be able to have the relationship that we both desire.” Denise Limongello, a Manhattan licensed psychotherapist and relationship expert concurs.?? She says “the threat of divorce during an argument can be devastating to hear.” In her opinion, the happy couples she sees “avoid using that word during arguments, as it can make it seem that divorce is a possibility.” She has some tips for what couples should do instead such as, “creating a ground-rule with your spouse that bans the D-word from your vocabulary can be a great way to contract safety with your partner.”  Limongello also says, “making ground-rules, of any kind, that you can both stick to, can be useful in building trust within your relationship.” She also advises “Don’t ever threaten as research shows that this leads to heightened levels of depression and anxiety, and can even affect blood pressure levels.” She believes that making threats is not a healthy behavior in a loving relationship, and there are more constructive ways to get your needs met.   “Whenever you use the D-word in an argument you are removing safety, security, and trust from a relationship, which are basic human needs, says relationship coach Chris Armstrong,?? who also advises against using the D-word during an argument. First and foremost, the message gets lost. “When a spouse utters the dreaded D-word, whatever was said before or after can very often fade into the background.” He discusses how the spouse hearing this can get overwhelmed and “whatever outcome that was desired by the spouse who uttered it will likely not  be achieved.” He also warns that if you get the spouse angry enough, he or she might even “call your bluff.” Alternatively, Armstrong recommends a coaching strategy called the “WAIT Principle” that helps the partner wishing to throw out the D-word stay on track with what is really trying to be communicated. These spouses should ask themselves: Why am I talking? What is the desired outcome of putting the dreaded D-word on the table? Will it help me get to my desired outcome? Have I looked at how it will land on my spouse? He emphasizes this approach because “Whenever you use the D-word in an argument you are removing safety, security, and trust from a relationship, which are basic human needs.  Otherwise stated, you are telling your spouse the relationship is not a safe place to be or that the relationship is fragile and cannot withstand any stress or pressure.”   Dr. Heather Ehinger, a Marriage and Family therapist specializing in high conflict relationships also believes that these couples are trying to get their needs met in an ineffective way.??  â€œIt feels like a way to get the other person to pay attention to how serious you are.  Unfortunately, just like the story of Peter and the Wolf, all threats eventually land on deaf ears.” She advised couples to “take responsibility for yourself and examine what it is you need that you are not getting.”  She goes on to say that if you are not prepared to make good on the divorce threat, then stop making them as “divorce will get you divorced, threats will get you ignored. Peter found out the hard way, don’t be like Peter!”

Analysis Of Claude Levi Strauss s Black As Slacker...

Claude LÃ ©vi-Strauss was a French anthropologist who believed that the myths created and told by a society could be a window into the beliefs and conflicts of that society. As a Structuralist, LÃ ©vi-Strauss saw stories as language and sought to understand their underlying grammar. This he believed centered on pairs of opposite ideas, held by the culture, but creating tension within it — the raw and the cooked, the sacred and the profane, and so on. School of Rock, a 2003 film starring Jack Black as slacker Dewey Finn, shows the tension between a truly American pair of opposites: laziness vs. hard work. While in other mythologies it is a trickster character who mediates between these opposites, the nature of this American pair, and the surrounding culture, make it necessary that the trickster not remain so; he has to join one side or the other. Claude LÃ ©vi-Strauss sought a scientific approach to the interpretation of the meaning of myths. To perform an analysis, he would first collect every version and variant of a myth possible. Each version would be broken down into its individual plot elements, and these elements were then plotted on a chart to show how they fit together. The charts would be compared across variants, and eventually the true meaning of the myth would emerge. Any scientist knows that a large data pool is indispensable for getting good results. Unfortunately, there is only one School of Rock. Though I cannot be so thorough as he would have liked, the

Biography of Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian Poet

Rainer Maria Rilke (December 4, 1875–December 29, 1926) was an Austrian poet and writer. Known for his lyrically potent work, he combined subjective mysticism with precise observation of the objective world. Although admired only by certain circles in his own life, Rilke achieved huge popularity around the world in later decades. Fast Facts: Rainer Maria Rilke Full Name: Renà © Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria RilkeKnown For: Acclaimed poet whose work, with its intense lyricality and mysticism, bridges the traditional and modernist eras.Born: December 4, 1875 in Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)Parents: Josef Rilke and Sophie EntzDied: December 29, 1926 in Montreux, Vaud, SwitzerlandEducation: Military academy, trade school, and finally a university degree in literature, philosophy, and art history from Charles University in PraguePublished Works: The Book of Hours (Das Stundenbuch, 1905); The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge, 1910); Duino Elegies (Duineser Elegien, 1922); Sonnets to Orpheus (Sonnette an Orpheus, 1922); Letters to a Young Poet (Briefe an einen jungen Dichter, 1929)Spouse: Clara WesthoffChildren: RuthNotable Quote: â€Å"Beauty is nothing but the beginning of terror.† Early Life and Education Early Work Life and Songs (Leben und Lieder, 1894)Laress Sacrifice (Larenopfer, 1895)Dream-Crowned (Traumgekrà ¶nt, 1897)Advent (Advent, 1898)Stories of God (Geschichten vom Lieben Gott, 1900) Renà © Maria Rilke was born in Prague, the capital of what was then Austria-Hungary. His father, Josef Rilke, was a railway official who had given up an unsuccessful military career, and his mother, Sophie (â€Å"Phia†) Entz, was from a wealthy Prague family. Their marriage was unhappy and was to fail in 1884, as his mother was socially ambitious and felt she had married beneath her. Rilke’s early life was marked by his mother’s mourning for her daughter, who had died after just one week. She treated him as if he were the girl she had lost, he said later on, dressing him up and handling him almost like a big doll. In an effort to ensure the social standing his father had failed to achieve, the young Rilke was sent to a rigorous military academy in 1886, at the age of 10. The poetic and sensitive boy spent five unhappy years there, and he left in 1891 due to illness. With the help of his uncle, who recognized the boy’s gifts, Rilke managed to secure a place at a German preparatory school, which he attended for only a year until he was expelled. He returned to Prague at 16 years old. From 1892 to 1895, he was tutored for the university entrance exam, which he passed, and spent a year studying literature, art history, and philosophy at Charles University in Prague. He was already certain he would start a literary career: by 1895 he had published, at his own expense, one volume of love poetry in the style of poet Heinrich Heine, called Life and Songs (Leben und Lieder), and would publish two more shortly thereafter. None of these early books has much in the way of the keen observation that was to mark his later works. It was studying in Munich in 1897 that Rilke met and fell in love with the 36-year-old woman of letters Lou Andreas-Salomà ©, who proved to be extremely influential on Rilke’s life. Salomà © was in a celibate and open marriage, and was a remarkable woman: widely-traveled, highly intelligent, and fiercely independent, she had refused proposals from men ranging from intellectual Paul Rà ©e to philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Her relationship with Rilke lasted until 1900, in which she brought about much of his à ©ducation sentimentale and acted almost as a mother to him. It was Salomà © who suggested that Renà © change his name to Rainer, which she found more Germanic and forceful. They would remain in touch until Rilke’s death. The daughter of a Russian general and a German mother, Salomà © also took him on two trips to Russia, where he met Leo Tolstoy and the family of Boris Pasternak. It was in Russia that he fell in love with a culture which, alongside Bohemia, was to become a huge and lasting influence on his work. There he encountered an almost religiously stirring affinity, where he felt his inner reality was reflected in the world around him. This experience solidified Rilke’s mystical, spiritual, and humanitarian leanings. In 1900, Rilke stayed at the artists’ colony at Worpswede, where he began working on his poetry with renewed vigor, publishing a handful of lesser known works. It was there that he met a former pupil of Auguste Rodin, the sculptor Clara Westhoff, whom he married the following year. Their daughter Ruth was born in December of 1901. Their marriage was failed from the start; although they never divorced due to Rilke’s official status as a Catholic (though he was non-practicing), the two agreed to a separation. Rilke and Salomà © in Russia, 1900. Heritage Images / Getty Images   Mysticism and Objectivity (1902-1910) Poetry and Prose Auguste Rodin (Auguste Rodin, 1903)The Book of Hours (Das Studenbuch, 1905)New Poems (Neue Gedichte, 1907)The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge, 1910) In the summer of 1902 Rilke moved to Paris, where his wife and daughter later followed, to write a book about the sculptor Auguste Rodin and, soon thereafter, to become the sculptor’s secretary and friend. Of all the living artists, Rodin was the one that he admired the most arduously. While Rilke’s only novel, The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge, echoes some of the difficulties he faced in his early days in Paris, it was during this time period he enjoyed some of his most poetically productive years. One of his great works, The Book of Hours, appeared in 1905 and was followed by 1907’s New Poems and, published in 1910, The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge. The Book of Hours was largely developed at the artist’s colony at Worpswede, but finished in Paris. It displays the turn towards mystical religiosity that was developing in the poet, in contrast to the naturalism popular at the time, after the religious inspiration he experienced in Russia. Soon thereafter, however, Rilke developed a highly practical approach to writing, encouraged by Rodin’s emphasis on objective observation. This rejuvenated inspiration resulted in a profound transformation of style, from the subjective and mystical incantations to his famous Ding-Gedichte, or thing-poems, that were published in the New Poems. Book cover of Rilkes Book of Hours, 1920 edition. Imagno / Getty Images Poetic Silence (1911-1919) Rilke soon entered a period of inner restlessness and anguish and traveled widely within North Africa and Europe. Although none of these travels was to reignite his inspiration, when Princess Marie of Thurn und Taxis offered him hospitality at Castle Duino, near Trieste on the Dalmatian Coast, he gladly accepted. It was staying there that he began the Duino Elegies, although the book would remain unfinished for years. When World War I broke out, Rilke was staying in Germany and was barred from returning to his home in Paris, where his property was confiscated. Instead, he had to spend much of the war in Munich, where his initial patriotism and solidarity with his countrymen turned into deep opposition to the German war effort. Rilke admitted his views were far to the left and supported the 1917 Russian Revolution and the 1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic. Eventually, presumably in fear for his safety, he became quieter on the topic during fascism’s rise in Europe, although at the end of his life he once praised Mussolini in a letter and called fascism a healing agent. In any case, Rilke was certainly not cut out for war, and despaired when he was called to undergo military training. He spent six months in Vienna, but influential friends intervened for him and he was discharged and returned to Munich. The time spent in the military, however, reduced him as a poet almost entirely to silence. Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus (1919-1926) Final Works Duino Elegies (Duineser Elegien, 1922)Sonnets to Orpheus (Sonette an Orpheus, 1922) When Rilke was asked to give a lecture in Switzerland, he ended up moving to the country to escape the post-war chaos. He roamed around in search of a place to stay to finally finish the book of poems that he had started a decade before. He found a permanent residence at the Chà ¢teau de Muzot, a medieval tower that was falling apart and barely inhabitable. His patron, Werner Reinhart, paid to fix it up, and Rilke entered a period of intense creative productivity. Although he was normally extremely critical of his own work, he produced within weeks at the Chà ¢teau de Muzot what even he recognized as a masterpiece. He dedicated it to his hostess Princess Marie and called it the Duino Elegies. Published in 1923, it marked the high point of his literary career. Immediately thereafter he also finished the joyful Sonnets to Orpheus, another one of his most lauded works. Rilke painted by Helmut Westhoff in 1901. Apic / Getty Images Death From 1923 on, Rilke began to experience health problems, causing him to spend many long stays at a sanatorium in the mountains near Lake Geneva. Developing sores in his mouth and pain in his stomach, he struggled with depression. He did not stop working, however; during this time, he began translating French poetry, including Andrà © Gide and Paul Valà ©ry, which resulted in an abundance of his own poetry in French. He died of leukemia on December 29, 1926 in a sanatorium in Montreux at the age of 51, and was buried in a cemetery near the Swiss town of Visp. Literary Style and Themes Rilke’s work was from the very beginning highly emotive in character. Some critics have even called his early work â€Å"unbearably sentimental,† but luckily Rilke was to grow immensely in sophistication over the years, keeping poetic pace with his own spiritual development. One of his earlier masterworks, The Book of Hours, is a three-part cycle of poems that maps the three phases of his religious development. Later on, the collection New Poems demonstrates his newfound interest in the spiritual power of the objective world. His Ding-Gedichte, or thing poems, focus intensely on an object in a distanced, sometimes unrecognizable, way, in an attempt to allow the object to express its inner being using its own language. Frequently this object would be a sculpture, such as Rilke’s famous poem â€Å"Archaic Torso of Apollo† (â€Å"Archaischer Torso Apollos†). His later work, especially the Duino Elegies, center around the great themes of man’s loneliness, life and death, love, and the task of artists. The Sonnets to Orpheus, written almost at the same time, marks the other great themes of Rilke’s work, including his sense of joy, praise, and delight. Rilke draws on characters from Greek mythology that he refigures in his own interpretations. He is also known for his use of angel imagery; it has been suggested that Rilke’s admiration for painter El Greco influenced this interest in angels, particularly once he saw some of Greco’s work while traveling in Italy. Although Rilke was mainly a poet, he did produce one well-received novel, The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge. Another beloved prose work of Rilke’s is his Letters to a Young Poet. In 1902 the 19-year-old poet Franz Xaver Kappus was a student at Theresian Military Academy and read Rilke’s work. When he learned that the older poet had studied in his own adolescence at the academy’s lower school, he reached out to him, seeking his opinion on his own work and and in deciding whether or not he should pursue a life in the Austro-Hungarian military or as a poet. In the collection of letters, which Kappus published in 1929, three years after Rilke’s death, Rilke offers his wisdom and advice in his typically lyrical, moving style. While telling the young poet to ignore criticism and not to seek fame, he writes, â€Å"Nobody can advise you and nobody can help you. Nobody. There is only one way—go into yourself.† Letters to a Young Poet remains one o f his most popular works of today. Legacy At the time of his death, Rilke’s work was incredibly admired by certain circles of European artists, but mostly unknown to the general public. Since then, his popularity has grown steadily. In the United States he has become one of the best-selling poets today, certainly one of the most popular German-language poets ever, and is often quoted in popular culture. His work is admired for its almost healing vision of the world, and has been used by the New Age community for its mystical insight. Literarily, he has exerted an extensive influence, from poet W.H. Auden to postmodern novelist Thomas Pynchon and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. Sources â€Å"Rainer Maria Rilke.† Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/rainer-maria-rilke. Accessed 12 September 2019.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Rainer Maria Rilke.† Poets.org, Academy of American Poets, https://poets.org/poet/rainer-maria-rilke. Accessed 12 September 2019.Freedman, Ralph, Life of a poet: a biography of Rainer Maria Rilke, New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1995.Tavis, Anna A., Rilkes Russia: a cultural encounter, Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1994.

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How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis Essay Example For Students

How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis? Essay Biology Investigation Problem: How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis? Essay The Plan We will write a custom essay on How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In my experiment I am going to see how light affects the rate of photosynthesis. To do this experiment I am going to set up the apparatus as shown in figure 1. The apparatus I am going to use are the following: 1 Tripod 1 300ml Beaker 1 Boiling Tube 1 Clamp Stand 1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder 1 Lamp 1 1 Metre Ruler 1 Thermometer 1 Stop Clock To do the experiment I will set up the apparatus first. I will firstly place the tripod on top of the base of the clamp stand and fill the 300ml beaker with 250ml of water to create the water bath. I will place the boss in the middle of the bar on the clamp stand and place the clamp in the boss. I would then fill the boiling tube 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and place it in the clamp. I would place the ring binder around the clamp stand surrounding the water base. Finally, I would plug in the lamp and place it 10cm away from the pondweed. I done a preliminary experiment to get an idea how to do the main and proper experiment and what would happen in the experiment. In the preliminary experiment we didnt use the safeguards so it wasnt fair experiment. We did this because it gave us the idea what problems we might face when we did the main experiment and gave us the idea how to do it. The pondweed should create photosynthesis by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O6C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis occurs when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the surrounding air in its leaves and water from the nearby soil in its roots. The leaves then take light energy from the Sun, which is absorbed in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be used in photosynthesis. Glucose is produced and is converted into Starch to be stored. Oxygen is produced from the water and it is a waste product so it is released into the air. The plant uses Carbon Dioxide and water to create Carbohydrates. Glucose is a small, soluble molecule which is useless for a plant to use as energy but it converts it into Starch, which is a large and insoluble molecule, so it can be stored for to be converted back into Glucose. I made this experiment as fair as possible. Firstly, I put Sodium Bicarbonate in the boiling tube to enrich the water with Carbon Dioxide so more Oxygen bubbles would be produced. I had kept the volume of the water in the 300ml beaker and in the boiling tube the same so the temperature could stay the same, as that would affect the rate of photosynthesis. I put a ring binder around the clamp stand so that foreign light wouldnt be collected by the pondweed and continue photosynthesis after I had switched of the lamp. I constantly checked the temperature of the boiling tube and the beaker so it wouldnt affect the rate of photosynthesis. I used a thermometer to check the temperature and I used a water bath to regulate the temperature of the boiling tube. I continuously used the same pondweed in all of my experiments so that the amount of chlorophyll would stay the same and the amount of Oxygen produced would also stay the same. I predict that the amount of oxygen produced by the pondweed should decrease as I increase the distance between the boiling tube and the lamp. The rate of photosynthesis should decrease as I decrease light intensity and it should increase as I increase the light intensity. .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .postImageUrl , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:visited , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:active { border:0!important; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:active , .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0 .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf464b079ef025ea65c7eedca4915b9a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Depression And Mental Illness (Crime) EssayObtaining Evidence DistancePreliminary Attempt 10cm72 20cm54 30cm23 40cm18 50cm*22* This set of results is the preliminary attempt. The results are inaccurate because it wasnt a fair test, as I didnt use any safeguards. 22 has a star next to it because it is an anomaly. This is due to the fact that no safeguards were used and possibly the pondweed caught foreign light. Attempts Distance12Average 10cm1206090 20cm68*65*68 30cm343132.5 40cm181516.5 50cm1099.5 These are the first set of results done with fair testing. The anomaly in these results is 65 because not all of the Sodium Bicarbonate was mixed in the boiling tube with the . How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis Essay Example For Students How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis? Essay Biology Investigation Problem: How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis? Essay The Plan We will write a custom essay on How does light affect the rate of photosynthesis? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In my experiment I am going to see how light affects the rate of photosynthesis. To do this experiment I am going to set up the apparatus as shown in figure 1. The apparatus I am going to use are the following: 1 Tripod 1 300ml Beaker 1 Boiling Tube 1 Clamp Stand 1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder 1 Lamp 1 1 Metre Ruler 1 Thermometer 1 Stop Clock To do the experiment I will set up the apparatus first. I will firstly place the tripod on top of the base of the clamp stand and fill the 300ml beaker with 250ml of water to create the water bath. I will place the boss in the middle of the bar on the clamp stand and place the clamp in the boss. I would then fill the boiling tube 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and place it in the clamp. I would place the ring binder around the clamp stand surrounding the water base. Finally, I would plug in the lamp and place it 10cm away from the pondweed. I done a preliminary experiment to get an idea how to do the main and proper experiment and what would happen in the experiment. In the preliminary experiment we didnt use the safeguards so it wasnt fair experiment. We did this because it gave us the idea what problems we might face when we did the main experiment and gave us the idea how to do it. The pondweed should create photosynthesis by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O6C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis occurs when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the surrounding air in its leaves and water from the nearby soil in its roots. The leaves then take light energy from the Sun, which is absorbed in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be used in photosynthesis. Glucose is produced and is converted into Starch to be stored. Oxygen is produced from the water and it is a waste product so it is released into the air. The plant uses Carbon Dioxide and water to create Carbohydrates. Glucose is a small, soluble molecule which is useless for a plant to use as energy but it converts it into Starch, which is a large and insoluble molecule, so it can be stored for to be converted back into Glucose. I made this experiment as fair as possible. Firstly, I put Sodium Bicarbonate in the boiling tube to enrich the water with Carbon Dioxide so more Oxygen bubbles would be produced. I had kept the volume of the water in the 300ml beaker and in the boiling tube the same so the temperature could stay the same, as that would affect the rate of photosynthesis. I put a ring binder around the clamp stand so that foreign light wouldnt be collected by the pondweed and continue photosynthesis after I had switched of the lamp. I constantly checked the temperature of the boiling tube and the beaker so it wouldnt affect the rate of photosynthesis. I used a thermometer to check the temperature and I used a water bath to regulate the temperature of the boiling tube. I continuously used the same pondweed in all of my experiments so that the amount of chlorophyll would stay the same and the amount of Oxygen produced would also stay the same. I predict that the amount of oxygen produced by the pondweed should decrease as I increase the distance between the boiling tube and the lamp. The rate of photosynthesis should decrease as I decrease light intensity and it should increase as I increase the light intensity. .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 , .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .postImageUrl , .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 , .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367:hover , .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367:visited , .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367:active { border:0!important; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367:active , .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367 .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8536022ebd86da016f3e11d1d9ca367:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Was he Sane? EssayObtaining Evidence DistancePreliminary Attempt 10cm72 20cm54 30cm23 40cm18 50cm*22* This set of results is the preliminary attempt. The results are inaccurate because it wasnt a fair test, as I didnt use any safeguards. 22 has a star next to it because it is an anomaly. This is due to the fact that no safeguards were used and possibly the pondweed caught foreign light. Attempts Distance12Average 10cm1206090 20cm68*65*68 30cm343132.5 40cm181516.5 50cm1099.5 These are the first set of results done with fair testing. The anomaly in these results is 65 because not all of the Sodium Bicarbonate was mixed in the boiling tube with . How Does Light Affect The Rate Of Photosynthesis Essay Example For Students How Does Light Affect The Rate Of Photosynthesis? Essay Biology Investigation Problem: How Does Light Affect The Rate Of Photosynthesis? Essay The Plan We will write a custom essay on How Does Light Affect The Rate Of Photosynthesis? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In my experiment I am going to see how light affects the rate of photosynthesis. To do this experiment I am going to set up the apparatus as shown in figure 1. The apparatus I am going to use are the following: 1 Tripod 1 300ml Beaker 1 Boiling Tube 1 Clamp Stand 1Clamp 1 Boss 1 Ring Binder 1 Lamp 1 1 Metre Ruler 1 Thermometer 1 Stop Clock To do the experiment I will set up the apparatus first. I will firstly place the tripod on top of the base of the clamp stand and fill the 300ml beaker with 250ml of water to create the water bath. I will place the boss in the middle of the bar on the clamp stand and place the clamp in the boss. I would then fill the boiling tube 43ml of water, put the pondweed in it and place it in the clamp. I would place the ring binder around the clamp stand surrounding the water base. Finally, I would plug in the lamp and place it 10cm away from the pondweed. I done a preliminary experiment to get an idea how to do the main and proper experiment and what would happen in the experiment. In the preliminary experiment we didnt use the safeguards so it wasnt fair experiment. We did this because it gave us the idea what problems we might face when we did the main experiment and gave us the idea how to do it. The pondweed should create photosynthesis by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O6C6H12O6+ 6O2 Photosynthesis occurs when plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the surrounding air in its leaves and water from the nearby soil in its roots. The leaves then take light energy from the Sun, which is absorbed in the chlorophyll in the cells and passes it along for it to be used in photosynthesis. Glucose is produced and is converted into Starch to be stored. Oxygen is produced from the water and it is a waste product so it is released into the air. The plant uses Carbon Dioxide and water to create Carbohydrates. Glucose is a small, soluble molecule which is useless for a plant to use as energy but it converts it into Starch, which is a large and insoluble molecule, so it can be stored for to be converted back into Glucose. I made this experiment as fair as possible. Firstly, I put Sodium Bicarbonate in the boiling tube to enrich the water with Carbon Dioxide so more Oxygen bubbles would be produced. I had kept the volume of the water in the 300ml beaker and in the boiling tube the same so the temperature could stay the same, as that would affect the rate of photosynthesis. I put a ring binder around the clamp stand so that foreign light wouldnt be collected by the pondweed and continue photosynthesis after I had switched of the lamp. I constantly checked the temperature of the boiling tube and the beaker so it wouldnt affect the rate of photosynthesis. I used a thermometer to check the temperature and I used a water bath to regulate the temperature of the boiling tube. I continuously used the same pondweed in all of my experiments so that the amount of chlorophyll would stay the same and the amount of Oxygen produced would also stay the same. I predict that the amount of oxygen produced by the pondweed should decrease as I increase the distance between the boiling tube and the lamp. The rate of photosynthesis should decrease as I decrease light intensity and it should increase as I increase the light intensity. .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c , .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .postImageUrl , .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c , .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c:hover , .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c:visited , .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c:active { border:0!important; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c:active , .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6e13b2fa66b38d60b172a64412327c0c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Message EssayObtaining Evidence DistancePreliminary Attempt 10cm72 20cm54 30cm23 40cm18 50cm*22* This set of results is the preliminary attempt. The results are inaccurate because it wasnt a fair test, as I didnt use any safeguards. 22 has a star next to it because it is an anomaly. This is due to the fact that no safeguards were used and possibly the pondweed caught foreign light. Attempts Distance12Average 10cm1206090 20cm68*65*68 30cm343132.5 40cm181516.5 50cm1099.5 These are the first set of results done with fair testing. The anomaly in these results is 65 because not all of the Sodium Bicarbonate was mixed in the boiling tube with the water. Attempts Distance34Average 10cm706467 20cm565254 30cm292828.5 40cm151515 50cm877.5 These .

THE CRITIQUE OF THE PANAMA CANAL The Crisis In Historical Perspective

THE CRITIQUE OF THE PANAMA CANAL: The Crisis in Historical Perspective American Foreign Policy November 30, 1994 In 1825, a group of American businesspeople announced the formation of a canal building company, with interests in constructing a canal system across the Isthmus. This project was to take place in an area now called Panama. The endeavor was filled with controversy. Though the canal itself was not built until the early 1900's every step toward the building and ownership, was saturated with difficulty. Walter LaFeber illustrates the dilemmas in a historical analysis. In his work he states five questions that address the significance of the Panama Canal to United States. This paper will discuss the historical perspective of the book's author, address pertinent three questions and give a critique of LaFeber's work, The Panama Canal. For proper historical analysis one must understand the importance of the Canal. The Panama Canal and the Canal Zone (the immediate area surroun ding the Canal) are important areas used for trade. Even before the canal was built there were to large ports on both sides of the Isthmus. Large amounts of cargo passed through the Isthmus by a railroad that connected the two ports. The most important cargo was the gold mined in California before the transcontinental railroad was completed in the United States. It has strategic significance because of its location, acting as a gateway connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This allows for rapid naval deployment between fleets in either ocean. These two facets make the Panama Canal very important in the region. LaFeber notes that Panamanian nationalism played a large role in the creation of the canal and, consequently, the cause for the area's constant instability. The first expression occurred in the late 1800's with Panamanian struggle for independence from Columbia. The United States eager to build the canal, and control its operation, used and backed Panamanian nationalist. During the Roosevelt administration, not only did the United States manipulate factors isolating Panama from other world powers through the Monroe Doctrine; but it committed troops aiding the revolutionaries against another sovereign state. The reason this is a surprise is because the Roosevelt administration normally held a position favoring stability. The United States had no legal right to use force against Columbia. Nationalism came back to haunt the United States. With the treaty signed and a 99-year lease given to the United States, the Canal was built. Since then, the United States has varied on its stance of ownership and the principles of sovereignty concerning the Canal. The ever persistent debate of who owns the Canal and who should have sovereign control over it, has not been solved. The United States has occasionally attempted to "claim" the Canal zone through various methods such as military occupation, exclusion of Panamanians for important jobs in Canal operations and even through the customary aspect of international law. However, each time the Panamanians have managed to maintain claim to the Canal despite the United State's imperialistic posturing to get it. The most recent and notorious of the United States' attempts to annex the Canal Zone was during the Reagan administration. President Reagan said that the Canal Zone could be equated as a sovereign territory equal to that of Alaska. The question here is, was he correct? LaFeber points out that, "the United States does not own the Zone or enjoy all sovereign rights in it." He uses the treaty of 1936 in Article III that states, "The Canal Zone is the territory of the Republic of Panama under the jurisdiction of the United States." The entire topic was summed up neatly by Ellsworth Bunker, a negotiator in the region, when he said, "We bought Louisiana; we bought Alaska. In Panama we bought not territory, but rights." A second important question, is the Canal a vital interest to the United States? LaFeber gives three points suggesting that it is not. First, the importance of the Canal decreased after 1974, because of the end of the Vietnam War and all related military traffic ceased. Second, is the age of the antique machinery dating back to 1914. Inevitably the machinery will need to be replaced. Lastly, the size of the new tankers and THE CRITIQUE OF THE PANAMA CANAL The Crisis In Historical Perspective THE CRITIQUE OF THE PANAMA CANAL: The Crisis in Historical Perspective American Foreign Policy November 30, 1994 In 1825, a group of American businesspeople announced the formation of a canal building company, with interests in constructing a canal system across the Isthmus. This project was to take place in an area now called Panama. The endeavor was filled with controversy. Though the canal itself was not built until the early 1900's every step toward the building and ownership, was saturated with difficulty. Walter LaFeber illustrates the dilemmas in a historical analysis. In his work he states five questions that address the significance of the Panama Canal to United States. This paper will discuss the historical perspective of the book's author, address pertinent three questions and give a critique of LaFeber's work, The Panama Canal. For proper historical analysis one must understand the importance of the Canal. The Panama Canal and the Canal Zone (the immediate area surroun ding the Canal) are important areas used for trade. Even before the canal was built there were to large ports on both sides of the Isthmus. Large amounts of cargo passed through the Isthmus by a railroad that connected the two ports. The most important cargo was the gold mined in California before the transcontinental railroad was completed in the United States. It has strategic significance because of its location, acting as a gateway connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This allows for rapid naval deployment between fleets in either ocean. These two facets make the Panama Canal very important in the region. LaFeber notes that Panamanian nationalism played a large role in the creation of the canal and, consequently, the cause for the area's constant instability. The first expression occurred in the late 1800's with Panamanian struggle for independence from Columbia. The United States eager to build the canal, and control its operation, used and backed Panamanian nationalist. During the Roosevelt administration, not only did the United States manipulate factors isolating Panama from other world powers through the Monroe Doctrine; but it committed troops aiding the revolutionaries against another sovereign state. The reason this is a surprise is because the Roosevelt administration normally held a position favoring stability. The United States had no legal right to use force against Columbia. Nationalism came back to haunt the United States. With the treaty signed and a 99-year lease given to the United States, the Canal was built. Since then, the United States has varied on its stance of ownership and the principles of sovereignty concerning the Canal. The ever persistent debate of who owns the Canal and who should have sovereign control over it, has not been solved. The United States has occasionally attempted to "claim" the Canal zone through various methods such as military occupation, exclusion of Panamanians for important jobs in Canal operations and even through the customary aspect of international law. However, each time the Panamanians have managed to maintain claim to the Canal despite the United State's imperialistic posturing to get it. The most recent and notorious of the United States' attempts to annex the Canal Zone was during the Reagan administration. President Reagan said that the Canal Zone could be equated as a sovereign territory equal to that of Alaska. The question here is, was he correct? LaFeber points out that, "the United States does not own the Zone or enjoy all sovereign rights in it." He uses the treaty of 1936 in Article III that states, "The Canal Zone is the territory of the Republic of Panama under the jurisdiction of the United States." The entire topic was summed up neatly by Ellsworth Bunker, a negotiator in the region, when he said, "We bought Louisiana; we bought Alaska. In Panama we bought not territory, but rights." A second important question, is the Canal a vital interest to the United States? LaFeber gives three points suggesting that it is not. First, the importance of the Canal decreased after 1974, because of the end of the Vietnam War and all related military traffic ceased. Second, is the age of the antique machinery dating back to 1914. Inevitably the machinery will need to be replaced. Lastly, the size of the new tankers and

Fashion Marketing-Brioni Essay Example

Fashion Marketing Fashion Marketing-Brioni Essay Fashion Marketing-Brioni Essay BRIONI HISTORY: Brioni is an Italian fashion house founded in 1945 by Nazareno Fonticoli and Gaetano Savini. In 1990,Umberto Angeloni became CEO of Brioni. It specialises in the sale of hand-made suits. Brioni’s first fashion show was held in 1952 at the Pitti Palace, Florence. The show gave the company world wide exposure. In 1954, the Brioni held the fashion show in New York City, followed by shows in eight other American cities. That year Brioni opened new shops on both sides of the Atlantic. MAIN COMPETITORS: Men’s wear: Ferragamo Ermenegildo Zegna Hugo Boss Giorgio Armani Gianni Versace According to the results of the 2011 Luxury Brand Status Index (LBSI) Brioni is the top men’s luxury fashion brand of the year. Women’s wear: Hugo boss Polo Ralph Lauren Zegna (Agnona) Hermes Prada Louis Vuitton KEY DATES: 1945 Brioni opens a tailor shop in Rome 1961 Brioni begins distribution to the United States 1978 Brioni opens its own tailoring school 1982 A retail shop is opened in New York 1990 Umberto Angeloni is named chief executive officer 1995 Pierce Brosnan, in the James Bond film Goldeneye, wears a Brioni suit 2002 Brioni opened its first two womens apparel stores in Milan and New York ESTABLISHMENT OF WOMEN’S LINE: (Donna Brioni): As Brioni prepared for the future, the esteem accorded to its brand name was as strong as ever. Although Angeloni consistently tempered any growth of the companys retail network by insisting the development of a retail chain was not in the companys future, the number of Brioni shops increased, nonetheless. In 2002, the company opened its first freestanding womens store in Milan followed by a second womens store in New York later that year. WOMEN’S LINE TEN YEARS ON: Brioni, known for its menswear announced in Q3 2011 that it has ended its women’s wear line, the fall/winter collection currently in stores being the last one. The women’s fashion show was scheduled for 25th September during Milan Fashion Week which was subsequently cancelled. Brioni’s women’s line has had a rocky history since launch, underperforming in most markets. Alessandro Dell’acqua was named creative Director for Brioni’s women line in May 2010. The Company has ended its contract with the creative director and also has closed its Brionis Italian plant in September 2011, which exclusively manufactured the women-wear collections. : The company’s decision to end its women’s line is motivated by its need to concentrate on its core business, men’s wear and accessories. There’s also news that PPR/Gucci group started negotiating a buyout of Brioni in July; however a deal is yet to be reached Bibliography: brioni. com luxuryinstitute. com fundinguniverse. com http://article. wn. com enotes. com elegant-lifestyle. com cpp-luxury. com

Literature Review Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Literature Review Bachelor - Essay Example The extent to which the employees feel motivated to put the best foot forward depends upon the policies adopted by the company in towards motivation. Theory Y assumes that all employees have key roles to play in running the organization and management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. The biggest drawback of McGregor's theory is that it sort of draws a dividing line. But in practice there's no such fine dividing line between type X and type Y. An organization cannot have all the people having similar capability and attitude towards work. Similarly all the students in a classroom cannot have similar calibre and IQ. Moreover a person who behaves in a particular manner today may come around and start taking things in different perspective once the manager takes him in confidence and makes him understand couple of things. Sometimes circumstances prevail upon the person and he starts behaving in a different way. Motivation may be defined as the state of an individual's perspective which represents the strength of his/ her natural inclination to exert efforts towards some particular behaviour. How somebody makes use of his/ her efforts towards a goal is determined by the motivating/ de-motivating factors. It is through their behaviour that employees give expression to their commitment to work, level of motivation and their attitudes. Behaviour includes all actions overt or covert, and verbal or non-verbal. This affects the overall efficiency of the person and the performance of the organization. For Primark, the main target segment includes the youth segment. This under 35 segment prefers to go for the trendy fashion, requires quality at reasonable prices. To serve this segment is challenging but interesting as well, because today the spending power of youth segment has comparatively gone up. Moreover the young workforce at Primark will surely enjoy dealing with their age group customers, as it might require them lesser efforts to sell the idea to youth as compared to senior age group persons. The 'look good, pay less' proposition from Primark fits perfectly well with the youth segment. The brand identity being created by Primark amongst the youth helps in offering a valued

Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mexico - Essay Example Mexico is situated at around 23 °N and 102 °W in the southern section of North America. The total area of Mexico covers around 1,972,550 square kilometers, where 1,923,040 square kilometers are covered by land and 49,510 square kilometers are covered by water. Northern Mexico is recognized to be dry as well as desert-like while the southern region of Mexico is covered by mountainous jungle. Moreover, Mexico is known as one of the major bio-diverse nations of the world. Mexico’s economy is recognized as the world’s thirteenth biggest economy which is almost the same size as Russia’s as well as South Korea’s economies. Moreover, Mexico is considered as a ‘free market’ economy which comprises a mix industry, services, as well as agriculture (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, â€Å"Mexico: Country Information†). Major Regions of Mexico Mexico consists of nine major topographic regions, these include the ‘Mexican Plateau’, the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Pacific Coastal Lowland, the Southern Highland, the Sierra Madre Occidental, Baja California, the Cordillera Neo-Volcanica, the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Yucatan Peninsula. Moreover, Mexico comprises a wide variety of geographical regions as well as climate variations. The 31 states including Mexico City run the gamut from high desert and scrubland to verdant tropical jungles and stunning sea-coast provinces (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, â€Å"Mexico: Country Information†). Central Mexico is mainly known as a volcanic plateau, which is enclosed by huge mountain ranges. The entire Mexico City is known as â€Å"Old Mexico† for its major agricultural activities which comprise small town and attractive colonial cities that have made Mexico a famous global heritage site. Southern Mexico is renowned as an ecotourism sanctuary which consists of sea coasts, jungles, marshes and mangrove forests that provide adventure as well as beautiful natural s ite for any tourist. Pacific coast is considered as the ‘jewel in Mexico’s crown’ which provides historic attraction such as Acapulco (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, â€Å"Mexico: Country Information†). Groups of People That Make up Mexico According to the present scenario, Mexican people are a blend of descendants from Spanish as well as other various immigrants. From 16th century onwards, people mainly from Europe had started to settle in Mexico and created Mestizos (a group mixed with European and indigenous ancestry). Religion of Mexico comprises 89% of Roman Catholic, 6% of Protestant and 5% inhabitants of other denominations (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, â€Å"Mexico: Country Information†). Languages Spoken in Mexico In Mexico, Spanish is considered as the official language. Moreover, there are around 62 native languages that are still spoken by one-third of the population. The Spanish language which is spoken by native Mexicans is quite dif ferent from the Castilian Spanish which is the original language of Spain (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, â€Å"Mexico: Country Information†). Five Most Popular Dishes in Mexico ‘Cabrito’ is a very famous and traditional dish of Mexico. This dish is prepared with baked baby goat which is gradually cooked over ‘mesquite coals’ which comprise several of Mexican herbs and spices (All about Mexico, â€Å"Culinary†). Another popular dish is ‘

Study on the human kidney and kidney stones

Study on the human kidney and kidney stones There are normally two kidneys in humans. The kidneys are small organs which can be found behind the abdominal cavity in a space called the retroperitoneum. They are approximately at the vertebral level of T12 to L3. The kidney participates in whole-body homeostasis, excretion and releases important hormones. Small, solid masses called kidney stones may form when salts or minerals, which are normally found in urine, become solid crystals inside the kidney. These crystals are normally too small to be become aware of, and pass harmlessly out of the body. However, they can build up inside your kidney and form much larger kidney stones. If a stone becomes large enough, it may begin to move out of the kidney and progress through the ureter (a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder). A kidney stone can become stuck at various parts of the ureter or kidney causing pain, infection and occasionally kidney damage. These kidney stones can be in many different shapes and sizes. The peak age for kidney stones is between 20 years old and 50 years old. The risk of having kidney stones in males is three to four times larger than in females. Other diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, chronic diarrhoea, or kidney cysts might increase the risk of having kidney stones as well. If the patient has previously had a kidney stone then he/she will have a 50 percent chance of developing another one within five years. A family history of kidney stones also increases the risk of developing kidney stones (cvstine stones). Kidney stones form when there is a decrease in urine volume and/or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine. The most common type of kidney stones present contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. Other chemical complexes that can form kidney stones in the urinary tract include uric acid and the amino acid cystine. Dehydration from reduced fluid intake, excessive sweating, or strenuous exercise without adequate fluid replacement may lead to the formation of kidney stones. Obstruction to the flow of urine can also lead to kidney stone formation. Kidney stones can also result from infection in the urinary tract; these are known as struvite or infection stones. Ingesting too much sugar, salts, and/or protein may lead to the formation of kidney stones as well. This is due to protein containing amino acids (which includes cystine); fructose is a sugar which some individuals metabolize into oxalate. Many different medical conditions may also lead to the fo rmation of kidney stones. These medical conditions include gout (which results in an increased amount of uric acid in the urine and can lead to the formation of uric acid stones.), Hypercalciuria (too much calcium is absorbed from food and excreted into the urine, where it may form calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate stones.), hyperparathyroidism, cystinuria and hyperoxaluria. Medication may also lead to kidney stone formation. These medications include some diuretics, some chemotherapy medicines for cancer and some medication used to treat HIV and AIDS. The presence of kidney stones may cause the patient to have symptoms of sudden pains in their abdomen, lower back, or/and groin area. Renal colic may occur in severe cases, which is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Kidney stones also cause blood to be present in urine; this is caused by the kidney stone rubbing with the wall of the ureter. Sometimes symptoms such as frequent urination, difficulty in urinating, and testicular pain may also occur. Fevers and chills may occur as well when the patient has kidney stones as well as an infection in the urinary tract. The diagnosis of kidney stones is suspected by the typical pattern of symptoms when other possible causes of the abdominal or side pains are excluded. Imaging tests are usually done to confirm the diagnosis. There are 2 methods that can be used to detect kidney stones, the helical CT scan (which detects any obstruction in the urinary tract without any contrast material) and the intravenous pyelogram (IVP: an X-ray of the abdomen along with the administration of contrast dye into the bloodstream). Helical CT scans have been shown to be a significantly more effective diagnostic tool than the IVP in the diagnosis of kidney or urinary tract stones. In pregnant women or those who should avoid radiation exposure, an ultrasound examination may be done to help establish the diagnosis. There are many methods of removing a kidney stone. Most kidney stones eventually pass through the urinary tract on their own within 48 hours, with ample fluid intake. Pain medications are used for symptom relief. For kidney stones that do not pass on their own, a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is often used. In this procedure, shock waves are used to break up a large stone into smaller pieces that can then pass through the urinary system. Surgical techniques have also been developed to remove kidney stones when other treatment methods are not successful or helpful. This may be done through a small incision in the skin (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) or through an instrument known as an ureteroscope, which is passed through the urethra and bladder up into the ureter. Rather than having to undergo treatment, it is best to avoid the formation of kidney stones in the first place when possible. It can be especially helpful to drink more water, since low fluid intake and dehydration are the major risk factors for kidney stone formation. Depending on the cause of the kidney stones and an individuals medical history, dietary and lifestyle changes and/or medications are sometimes recommended to decrease the likelihood of developing further kidney stones.

Essay --

R.K. Narayan’s initial works drew inspiration from his own childhood and school days. In his first few books, he tries to introduce Malgudi and its characters to his readers. This had helped in creating a strong base among his readers about the settings of his books. As in seen in his initial four books, starting from ‘Swami And Friends’ to ‘The English Teacher’ , the characters are confined to Malgudi and most of the story takes place in that town. ‘Swami and Friends’, R.K. Narayan’s first book was described by The Guardian,in 2011, as one of the best novels ever written by an Indian author. Undeniably, an average Indian always thinks of ‘Swami and Friends’ and ‘The Guide’ as Narayan’s best work. The novel follows the life and adventures of Swami, a schoolboy in British India. The characters in this book are very typical of an Indian village: a dominating father, a submissive mother, a religious grandmother who mollycoddles her grandchildren, a stern headmaster and of course, the playful Swami. After having been dismissed from Albert Mission School, Swami is made to join Board High School. While his close friends, Rajam and Mani from his previous school decides to form a cricket team called Malgudi Cricket Club (MCC), Swami has little choice but to skip his Drill classes and go for daily evening practice. Problems ensue when he decides to leave Malgudi after being reprimanded by his Headmaster. After a series of dramatic events, Swami misses the much anticipated and much prepared for match, against Young Men’s Union, a team from Chennai, to Rajam’s ire. The novel ends with Rajam leaving for Trichinopoly, while Swami and Mani bids him farewell at the Malgudi Rail way Station. As with a lot of his other novels, Narayan leaves the ... ...is wife to return home, assuming that it was just another tantrum that she throws. Though the novel ends on a negative note in regard to women rights, it makes a successful attempt in at least bringing the issue to the forefront. With ‘The Dark Room’, Narayan tries to bring to the attention of his readers the plight of women at that time. While Savithri’s house is symbolic for the conservative and orthodox customs, practices and beliefs in Malgudi, the dark room in her house where she seeks refuge from her husband’s tantrums represents the space where a woman is separated from the rest of the world. The dark room is just a temporary retreat for women struggling to survive in an old-fashioned world. The author, in all probability gained inspiration for this work from the women’s movement that gained strength in the 1930’s along with the nationalist movement in India.

History and development of Operating Systems Essay

At first, computers lacked any form of operating system. The computer user had sole use of the machine. The user would arrive at the machine armed with his or her program and data, often on punched paper tape. The program would be loaded into the machine, and then the machine set to work, until the program stopped. Later, computers came with libraries of support code which were linked to the user’s program to assist in operations such as input and output. This would become the start of the modern-day operating system. However, these machines still only ran a single job at a time. Originally, each user wrote all of the code necessary to implement a particular application, including the highly detailed machine level input/output instructions. Very quickly, this input/output coding needed to implement basic functions was consolidated into an input/output control system (IOCS). Users wishing to perform input/output operations no longer had to code the instructions directly. Instead, they used IOCS routines to do the real work. This greatly simplified and sped up the coding process. The implementation of input/output control system may have been the beginning of the concept of operating system. Under this system, the user has complete control over all of main storage memory and as a result, this system has been known as the single user contiguous storage allocation system. Storage is divided into a portion holding input/output control system (IOCS) routine, a portion holding the user’s program and an unused portion. The first single-user real storage systems were dedicated to one job for more than the jobs execution time. Job’s generally required a lot of setup time during which the operating system loaded, tapes and disk packs were mounted,  appropriate forms were placed in the printer and time cards been punched in. When the jobs were completed, they required considerable time to teardown, as tapes and disk packs were removed, time cards were punched out etc†¦. During the job setup and job teardown, the computer sat idle. Computer users soon realized that they could cut down the amount of time wasted between the jobs, if they could automate the job-to-job transition. The first major such system, which was considered by many to be the first operating system, was designed by the General Motors Research Laboratories for their IBM 701 mainframe beginning in early 1956 . Its success helped establish batch computing – the groupings of the jobs into a single deck of cards, separated by control cards that instructed computers about the various specification of the job. The programming language that the control cards used was called job control language (JCL). The Era of Timesharing and Multiprogramming 1960s: The systems of the 1960s were also batch processing systems but they were able to take better advantage of the computer resources by running several jobs at once. It was observed by the operating system designers that when one job was waiting for an input/output operation to be completed before the job could continue using the processor, some other could use the idle processor. They realized that running a mixture of diverse jobs appeared to be the best way to optimize computer utilization. The process by which they do so is called multiprogramming. To take maximum advantage of multiprogramming, it is necessary for several jobs to reside in the computers main storage at once. Then, when one job requests input/output, the CPU maybe immediately switched to another, and may do calculations without delay. One of the major developments was timesharing system which enabled many users to share computer resources simultaneously. In timesharing mode, the computer spends a fixed amount of time on one program before proceeding to another. Timesharing systems helped facilitate the software development process significantly. With turnaround time reduced to mere minutes, a  person writing a new program will not have to wait hours or days to correct errors. With timesharing, a programmer could enter a program, compile it, receive a list of syntax errors, correct them immediately and re-execute this cycle until the program is free of syntax errors thereby reducing development time significantly. The personal computer era Early personal computer operating systems were very diverse. Each vendor was producing one or more operating systems specific to their particular hardware. Nearly every operating system could have radically different models of commands, operating procedures, and such facilities as debugging aids. It was the development of microprocessors made inexpensive computing available for the small business and the hobbyist, which in turn led to the widespread use of interchangeable hardware components using a common interconnection (such as the S-100, Apple II, SS-50, ISA and PCI buses), and an increasing need for operating systems to control them. The most important of the early OS’s on these machines was Digital Research’s CP/M-80 for the 8080 / 8085 / Z-80 CPUs. It was based on several Digital Equipment Corporation operating systems, mostly for the PDP-11 architecture. MS-DOS (or PC-DOS when supplied by IBM) was based originally on CP/M-80. Each of these machines had a small boot program in ROM which loaded the OS itself from disk. The BIOS on the IBM-PC class machines was an extension of this idea and has more functions and features in the 20 years since the first IBM-PC was introduced in 1981. The decreasing cost of display equipment and processors made it practical to provide graphical use interfaces for many operating systems, such as the generic X Window, System that is provided with many UNIX systems, or other graphical systems such as Microsoft Window, the Radio Shack Color Computer’s OS-9 Level II, Apple’s Mac OS, or even IBM’s OS/2. The original GUI was developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the early ’70s (the Alto computer system) and imitated by many vendors. The significant types of Operating Systems Microsoft Windows has become the most widely used operating system for personal computers but there have been many others which have made a significant impact upon the development of the personal computer. CP/M : Considered to be the ‘first’ operating system, CP/M was developed by Gary Kildall DOS : A text based operating system developed into MS-DOS by Microsoft to run on IBM machines. MS-DOS (originally QDOS) is alleged by Gary Kildall to be based upon his CP/M operating system which IBM attempted, unsuccessfully, to buy from him, before they asked Bill Gates to create an operating system for their computers. OS/2 : Released by IBM in 1987, OS/2 was perhaps the first real multitasking operating system. It was designed by IBM and the code written at Microsoft. Although OS/2 was expected to outsell and eventually replace MS-DOS, its actual sales figures were very poor perhaps due to an increase in memory costs at the time. LINUX : An open-source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds. Linux was developed originally for use on home PCs but has grown to find homes on PowerPC, Macintosh, Amiga, Atari, DEC Alpha, Sun Sparc, ARM, and many other computer platforms. Linux offers a number of different Graphical User Interfaces and can be set to look like a Windows or Mac operating system. It has been praised for its stability and speed and is, in a relatively small way, offering an alternative to the Windows operating system for PCs. MAC OS : The Apple operating system developed to run on Macintosh machines. The Mac operating system is unique to Apple computers and yet is the second most widely used after Windows. Macintosh computers have often been favoured by computer users working in graphical design fields. Apple and Microsoft have fought over the available market for operating systems with IBM  machines often considered as mainly Windows machines. Apple have lost out in the past but are regaining customers with their innovative approach to computer design and the perceived reliability of Mac OS when compared to Windows. Windows : Now the predominant operating system for personal computers, Windows offers a Graphical User Interface based upon a ‘desktop’ metaphor. Windows has also enabled applications to perform in a consistent manner which means that menu options look similar from one package to another. The Functions of Operation Systems Operating Systems are the software that makes the hardware usable. Operating Systems makes the Hardware conveniently available to users, by managing the hardware carefully to achieve good performance. You may consider Operating Systems to be managers of resources as it determines which computer resources will be used for solving which problem an the order in which they will be used. The three principal types of functions an operating system has are : Assignment and allocation of system resources such as input/output devices, software, central processing unit. Scheduling : This Function coordinates the job an resources and follows certain giving Priority. Monitoring : This function Monitors and keeps track of the activities in the computer system. It maintains logs of job operation, notifies the computer operators of any abnormal terminations or error conditions. This function also contains security monitoring features such as any authorized attempt to access the system as well as ensures that all the security safeguards are in place. Modern operating systems often provide users and applications with a virtual  machine, an interface to the underlying hardware that makes it appear as though the user is the only user of the machine and it’s hardware. Whether the computer has one CPU or several CPUs, it is usually the case that there are more processes than CPUs. Therefore, the operating system is responsible for scheduling the processes on the CPU. There is a finite amount of memory that must be shared among the processes. The way this is done varies between different operating systems, but a commonly used mechanism is that of virtual memory. Several different processes may be trying to access a single IO device and the operating system must manage these accesses. This is a different issue than processes scheduling since often IO is being performed for processes that are not currently executing. Some devices (e.g. disks) have resources that can be shared among users and/or user processes. The operating system is responsible for managing and protecting these resources. Another important operating system function is providing support services for processes. These include: Support for IO operations. File system management. Networking. Protection. Interrupts and Traps. An interrupt is a CPU event that is triggered by some external device. The OS manages these devices. Each device has a diver which is used to communicate with the OS and the device. A trap is a CPU event that is triggered by a program. Traps are sometimes called software interrupts. They can be  deliberately triggered by a special instruction, or they may be triggered by an illegal instruction or an attempt to access a restricted resource. The reason why OS are so critical The main reasons why operating systems are so critical is by the functions that it performs which i have expalined in the last few pages. It is also so critical as it provides a layer of abstraction between the user and the bare machine. Without an OS, it would be very hard and time consuming to do a lot of the jobs on the computer that we take for granted. The users and applications do not see the hardware directly, but view it through the operating system. It is the operating system that lets us to communicate with the external devices. Conclusion Operating systems influence the way in which we communicate with personal computers. They have been developed to manage new technologies. The development of the PC has seen Microsoft grow to be the largest supplier of operating systems. The need for reliable and easy-to-understand operating systems has prompted development of suitable systems to progress at a very quick pace. It is possible that a greater number of competing operating systems will become available to the consumer in the future although this does mean that users may find it difficult to move from a machine running one operating system to a machine running something quite different. The market for operating systems will continue to grow as the number of devices that can use them increase and it is sure to be a competitive area. Bibliography http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm http://www.osdata.com/kind/history.htm http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs1104/VirtualMachines/OS.1.html http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system http://vaidila.vdu.lt/~project2/index.htm http://faculty.kutztown.edu/rieksts/343/notes/osdevpt.html